Begin with a claim that can be tested
Topic sentences such as “Another factor was the economy” name a subject but do not make an argument. A stronger opening says what the economic factor explains and how important it was.
The paragraph claim should be specific enough that evidence can confirm, qualify or challenge it. This gives the paragraph direction.
Move from evidence to significance
After presenting evidence, explain the mechanism. How did the factor produce an effect? Why did the policy matter? What changed because of it?
This step is often the difference between a paragraph that demonstrates knowledge and one that demonstrates analysis. Do not make the examiner infer the relationship for you.
Description vs analysis
Description
- States what happened
- Lists facts or follows chronology
- May leave the relevance implicit
Analysis
- Explains why evidence matters
- Links evidence to the exact question
- Builds judgement throughout
Evaluate within the paragraph
Analysis becomes stronger when it recognises the limits of its own claim. Perhaps the factor depended on another condition, was short-lived or affected only part of society.
Then compare. If another factor had greater reach, longer duration or was more fundamental, say so and explain why.
- Claim.
- Precise evidence.
- Explanation of mechanism or significance.
- Qualification or comparison.
- Mini-judgement linked to the essay question.
Edit for analytical density
Highlight sentences that directly answer the question. If a large section could be removed without changing the argument, it may be background or narrative.
Aim for a high proportion of reasoning to description. Historical knowledge remains essential, but it should be working for the argument.
Frequently asked questions
Should every paragraph follow exactly the same formula?
No. A framework can help, but paragraphs should adapt to the historical reasoning required by the question.
What is a mini-judgement?
A short decision at the end of a paragraph about how strongly the evidence supports the overall argument or how it compares with an alternative.
How can I make a paragraph less narrative?
Reduce chronological retelling and add explanation after evidence: what does it show, why does it matter and how does it answer the question?